Critically evaluate the religious conflict in Northern Ireland using Essay

Critically evaluate the religious conflict in Northern Ireland using both contemporary and traditional sociological theories. Examine the ways in which the con - Essay Example The popular perception usually centres on such things as gang warfare, tribal disputes, or religious animosity or perhaps even an inclination for straight-forward mindless violence. As is so often the case, this turns out to be, if not completely misguided, at least a gross over-simplification of a complex human phenomenon. One of the main aims of this essay will be to illustrate not just how popular myths as to the causes of the Troubles in Northern Ireland are misconceived, but also how some of the more serious attempts to understand the conflict have suffered from a limited appreciation of the multiple factors involved. In order to pursue this goal, it is first necessary to identify the main historical precursors that led to the conflict and the various strategies that were engaged by way of resolution. We will then be in a better position to assess the different theoretical frameworks that have suggested a way forward and to ascertain how they might be applied to the political reality of Northern Ireland from the perspective of religion and secularisation. Even before England became a Protestant country, its brand of Catholicism was different to that of Ireland. Irish Catholicism was deemed to be idiosyncratic because it followed the northern Celtic tradition. So, though both countries were Catholic, differences had already begun to emerge in their respective religious identities. Henry II of England was the first to invade Ireland gaining control over the region around Dublin but the expansion of English influence did not occur until the 16th century with the reign of Elizabeth I. It was during this period that the Ulster clans allied themselves against the invading army. By the time of Elizabeth, however, England had already left the Roman Catholic Church. The break from Catholicism was essentially political and not doctrinal, the Anglican and Catholic services remaining almost identical. It was only after Henry VIII's death and the accession of Edward VI did the tendency towards Lutheran Protestantism begin. It was also during Eliz abeth's time, in face of the threat from the Catholic Spanish, that English nationalism became wedded to Protestantism. Eventually, Ulster came to be dominated by the English and Irish leaders sought sanctuary in Europe. Their lands were confiscated and given to colonists from England. As English foreign policy had come into conflict with those of Catholic Europe, Ireland became a convenient 'back door' to European enemies. To counter this problem a program of colonial settlement called the Plantation was embarked upon. Although English settlers were at first encouraged, they were reluctant to take up the invitation and it was the Scots from Galloway, who were already accustomed to travelling to Ulster, who took up the challenge. With the arrival of the Scottish Presbyterians, the native Irish were banished to peripheral lands. There was no deliberate policy of populating Ireland with Scottish Presbyterians as, like the Catholics, they were regarded as dissenters by James 1 of England (Clayton 1998). The counties of Antrim and Down, where Presbyterians were most numerous, did not form part of the Plantation but were

Investigating the Relationship between Academic Persistence and Age, Dissertation - 1

Investigating the Relationship between Academic Persistence and Age, Gender, Ethnicity and Transfer Credits - Dissertation Example Adult Learner Academic Persistence According to previous reports, the retaining of adult learners in programs and institutions on adult education has become a great challenge. The rates of attrition and pressures of accountability within these institutions are also very high according to Jeffreys (2012). The previously carried out pieces of research show that most adults who withdraw from these learning programs do so after accomplishing their goals. They reportedly leave to join other programs that suit them more. According to Sanders, most of the adults dropping out of school return after their situations have been altered creating cycles between their dropping out and return which happens severally (2008). Previous literatures additionally indicate that the process of utilizing the class and lecture a major measurement of persistence undervalues other activities that would be effective in learning and which should be encouraged. This includes activities like distance learning and personal studies. In the year 2009, Comings, Parrella & Soricone, defined persistence as that period that adults remain in adult learning programs as they engage in personal studies as a result of being forced by circumstances leading to their withdraw from attending lectures or classes. The author additionally suggests that the adult students may return to their lectures when their situations in life allow them to. According to previously carried out surveys among adult students who were studying in America, those who had previously been involved in vocational training, self study and other forms of learning, had a greater likelihood of persisting academically than their counterparts who had not been involved in similar activities (Jones, 2008). These surveys additionally show that the adult students who had specific wants had greater probabilities of persisting than those adults who were in the learning institutions but had no specific wants. According to Sanders, if the academic persistence of adult students has to be improved, the learning institutions should avail additional learning alternatives like distance learning to the adult learners who are no able to attend their scheduled lectures (2008). Learner centered perspectives can greatly help in supporting the academic persistence and understanding among the adult learners by managing the forces that hinder or advance their learning activities (Millar, & So, 2008). According to previous literature, several factors are responsible for affecting the academic persistence among adult learners and range from the different institutions, situations, dispositions, and demographic factors and emotional and relational forces (Quigley, 2008). Problems that arise from the adult learner’s employment, finances, families and abuse from their classmates, transport and health can be classified as being situational. On the other hand, institutional barriers prevent adult learners from persisting academically and c ould include issues like the level or content of the course, their location or failure to meet the set admission guidelines (Ziegler & Durant, 2009). The attitudes, self-efficacies and resilience among the adult learners towards their learning may prevent them from excelling in their chosen academic

The History Of Haleeb Foods Marketing Essay

The History Of Haleeb Foods Marketing Essay Haleeb milk was the market leader in the dairy industry, in order for Haleeb to regain its market share they need to emphasize on, and create consumer awareness and differentiate from other milk products. Haleeb since it originally started has been using the same packaging, which has not been helpful in creating a positive perception in consumers minds. Haleeb needs to revamp its packaging in a fresh way keeping consumer wants and perceptions in mind. Companies change their overall look of products or launch new products to keep up with the fast paced changing market. Haleeb needs to get out of its comfort zone and relaunch its milk products with a fresh new look, using innovative advertising, fancier logos, and better packaging. Haleeb is dependent on Tetra Pak for the packaging of its entire dairy product line. Tetra Pak is the only option available to Haleeb and other milk providers for packaging because they have monopoly over the packaging sector in Pakistan. This gives Tetra Pa k a bargaining power of suppliers. Consumers perceptions and price differentials can cause a threat for the company. Loose milk is cheaper than packaged milk, this is one of the reasons why people prefer loose milk from local dud walas over packaged milk products. This is one of the barriers cutting into Haleeb milks profit margins. Haleeb needs a new design, a new innovative logo and a brand new package shape. The best option would be tetra pack carton with a removable and screwed top which can be open easily and is easy to use and dispose off. The color can also be changed, color is its personality and needs as new fresh look. An option is to have different colors for 3 different categories of milk, whole milk, 1% fat, and 2 %fat, an interesting bold logo and a change in carton shape. The screw top will be a hit as Prema has an attractive packaging as well. Here are some of the ways Haleeb will increase their market share. Promotion is very important as at this point Haleeb has no t promoted itself in the past few years. According to the surveys, consumers are influenced most by TVCs followed by street advertisement and lastly by publicity and public relations. The reason why sales decreased was because of bad word of mouth and highly negative publicity. Haleeb will now design a drastic promotion portfolio and through its diversity, gain a higher market share. Competitor Analysis The brand competition for Haleeb milk includes all those milk brands which are in direct competition with Haleeb. Haleeb is competing with three (3) major competitors in the market. Nestle Olpers Good Milk All these competitors are in direct competition with Haleeb. Haleeb has to compete with all of these. Its competitors have made a strong place in the market by using different competitive strategies i.e. advertising, marketing and different promotions.In order to compete with the competitors, it has to focus on marketing, advertisement and promotions of its product. Haleeb should provide higher quality than its competitors to sustain in the market. It should also focus on competitive strategies that its competitors are using. Its competitors mainly focus on advertisement. For example, Nestle MilkPak has been advertising its product in the market by using the slogan, Nestle MilkPak Banaye Mazboot Gharana. Similarly Olpers has been advertising its product using slogan, Subha Bakhair Zindagi And Good Milk has also created its goodwill by advertising in the past using slogan, Roz Roz Good Milk Piya Karo. Haleeb should advertise its product through the marketing and communication channels and use different promotional campaigns to attract the consumers and to compete with its competitors. It should create awareness in the consumers minds and in order to compete with its competitors that its milk is not only for making tea, it is also for drinking purposes. The Unique Selling Point (USP) of the Haleeb milk is that it is the thickest, purest and high quality milk available in the market packed in the hygienic and safe packing. And it is best for making tea and coffee. Haleeb does not compromise on quality. For Haleeb, quality is everything. The quality of Haleeb milk is the motivational factor for the consumers that will lead the consumers to switch their preferences and motivate them to try Haleeb milk. Marketing Strategies Product Haleeb Milk is available in all four sizes. i.e. 250 ml, 500 ml, 1 liter and 1.5 liter. For Haleeb Milk, the quality is everything. It is the thickest and purest milk available in the market that is packed in Tetra Packs. The packaging of the product is innovative as compared to the competitors because it has a twisted cap which can be closed after the seal packing is removed. So that it will remain safe from germs and bacteria. While the others milk brands has not the twisted cap packaging of their milk product. Price The price of the product set according to the competitors prices. The cost is tried to make less and less and the price is set at the market penetration strategy. The prices for all the four different size packs are as follows: 250 ml -Rs. 500 ml -Rs. 1 Liter -Rs. 1.5 Liter Rs. Place Haleeb Milk is targeting the mass market so the distribution of the milk is set as it is a convenience good so it is provided at maximum stores. Distribution network includes distributors, whole sellers and retailers. It will make sure that the product is available on all the big and major stores. i.e big departmental stores, bakery stores and small khokhaas. Promotion The product will be promoting through advertising and communication channels. Newspapers, billboards, radio and television commercials will be used for advertising the product. Television channel is the main medium that is most actively being utilized by the companies for the advertisement of their products. And television commercials are the only medium which can contact every one if their television is turned on. So the television commercials will be used to create awareness among consumers regarding the product. Different promotional activities and promotional campaigns will be used to promote the product. For example, if a consumer buys a complete carton then the consumer will be given 10% discount. Positioning Positioning is the only way through which a company can increase the functionality of its product and can portray it as a more useful product. Haleeb will position its product by its attribute and by its usage. Haleeb will position itself not only a tea making milk but also used for drinking purpose and for making sweet dish as well. It will make the perception in the consumers minds that it will fulfill their all requirements regarding milk whether it will be for drinking, for making tea and coffee or for other kitchen purposes. i.e. cooking and making sweet dishes. It will position itself as a thickest and purest milk brand available in the market. So whenever the consumers think of the purest and thickest milk, they will recall Haleeb Milk and it will affect their purchase decision and consumers will prefer to purchase Haleeb Milk as compared to other brands milk available in the market.

Multiple Births :: essays research papers

Multiple Births Multiple births are rare in humans with twins as being the most common form of this event. Multiple births can arise in many different combinations of ways but the probability of giving birth to more than one child remains fairly constant when compared to the entire human race. The chances of multiple births can also vary from race and genetic background. Scientist and researchers do not know what the exact cause of these variations is but many of them feel that it is caused by hormone differences between different racial groups and/or the difference in social class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The prenatal and infant mortality is much higher in multiple pregnancies than in pregnancies that only involves one child. The danger of premature birth also increased with the higher number of offspring that are involved. In many multiple births, not all of the children survived to childhood or were born dead. Through the advances in technology, the survival rate of infants born in a multiple pregnancy has increased. The first quintuplets, five babies born in a single pregnancy, to survive in medical history were the Dionne quintuplets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use of drugs that treat female sterility, or fertility drugs, may increase the chances of giving birth to multiple children. These drugs cause the ovaries to release an egg once a month but in some cases they release more than one egg, sometimes releasing several at a time, increasing the chances of a multiple birth. The drug clomiphene citrate is one of the most widely taken fertility drug and has resulted in the birth of twins about once in every twelve births, much greater than the chances of the birth of natural twins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twins are the most common form of a multiple pregnancy. About one in eighty-seven births result in the birth of twins. Twins can be fraternal, also known as dizygotic twins, or identical, also called monozygotic twins, with the birth of identical twins being the rarest, occurring about four times in every thousand births, about one-forth as often as the birth of fraternal twins. This ratio of the birth of twins to the total number of births remains fairly constant but the birth of fraternal twins can alter greatly. Fraternal twins are most common among black African followed by people of European origin. Asian races originating from the orient are the least likely to give birth to fraternal twins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The birth of twins can occur in two different ways, the fertilization of a single egg or the fertilization of two eggs. In the case of dizygotic twins, the woman's ovaries release two eggs about the same time instead of one, with

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber

Francis Macomber notes on analysis The narrative voice The story is told through an omniscient narrator in third person, who is passively observing. Nothing is hidden to the reader, revealing this unpleasant atmosphere. Ex. from p. 9: Macomber stepped out of the curved opening at the side of the front seat, onto the step and down onto the ground. The lion still stood looking majestically and coolly toward this object that his eyes only showed in silhouette, bulking like some super-rhino. There was no man smell carried toward him and he watched the object, moving his great head a little from side to side.Then watching the object, not afraid, but hesitating before going down the bank to drink with such a thing opposite him, he saw a man figure detach itself from it and he turned his heavy head and swung away toward the cover of the trees as he heard a cracking crash and felt the slam of a. 30-06 220-grain solid bullet that bit his flank and ripped in sudden hot scalding nausea through his stomach. He trotted, heavy, big-footed, swinging wounded full-bellied, through the trees toward the tall grass and cover, and the crash came again to go past him ripping the air apart.Then it crashed again and he felt the blow as it hit his lower ribs and ripped on through, blood sudden hot and frothy in his mouth, and he galloped toward the high grass where he could crouch and not be seen and make them bring the crashing thing close enough so he could make a rush and get the man that held it. This example from the text shows how much you should the omniscient teller extends – this is the lion's point of view; the part where it gets shot. By going into the minds of the animals he creates a parallel between the people and animals. Characters Robert Wilson Quote, p. 20: By my troth, I care not; a man can die but once; we owe God a death and let it go which way it will, he that dies this year is quit for the next [.. ]† †You grow up when you kill an animal, not w hen you fucking turn fucking 21†. Wilson is sort of this product of Africa. Neglects this more sensitive side to himself because it reveals to much about him. He wants to be this machine, this MAN, which the idea of being a Sensitivo does not fit with. Wilson's thoughts on Americans: From p. 20: It’s that some of them stay little boys so long, Wilson thought. Sometimes all their lives. Their figures stay boyish when they’re fifty.The great American boy-men. Damned strange people. But he liked this Macomber now. Wilson's thoughts on women: Can't live with them – can't live without them. Sees them as a complete strange specie. * He blames Francis for Margot sleeping with him. From p. 4: â€Å"Oh, anything,† said Wilson. â€Å"Simply anything. † They are, he thought, the hardest in the world; the hardest, the cruelest, the most predatory and the most attractive and their men have softened or gone to pieces nervously as they have hardened. Or is it that they pick men they can handle? They can’t know that much at the age they marry, he thought.He was grateful that he had gone through his education on American women before now because this was a very attractive one. Margaret Macomber (Margot) Francis' wife (not married out of love. Stays together because he's rich and she's pretty (and witty and gaaaaaay) She is dishonest Controls Francis, has the upper hand in the relationship, †You don't have to wait long when you have an advantage. Is the prettiest woman (in Africa). The reason she doesn't leave him at home in America is that there she isn't the prettiest one. She and Francis need each other, but through the story the balance shifts and it has consequences. The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber While reading â€Å"The Short & Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† I focused on the question, what made his life short and happy. At first I took the interpretation of short and happy literally, translating too, living a short life (age) and happy meaning (wealth). After some thought though I realize that Hemingway meant something entirely different. Francis Macomber in the beginning of the short story is a â€Å"coward† causing his wife to loath him, and even the staff to judge and question his manhood. Finally Francis overcomes his cowardly behavior and finally â€Å"lives. â€Å"You know I don’t think I’d ever be afraid of anything again†¦Something happened in me after we first saw the buff and started after him. Like a dam bursting. It was pure excitement. † It is at this moment that I think Francis begins to live life, while simultaneously become happy as he has just overcome his cowardliness. Moments later his wife (accidently? ) shoots hi m†¦ Whether or not it was an accident is up for discussion, but that is what I think Hemingway meant when he titled his short story, â€Å"The Short & Happy Life of Francis Macomber. †Now†¦ Did his wife kill him on purpose or was it actually an accident. This kind of confused me because I feel like I can argue both sides, however, I feel like the stronger argument is her intentionally killing her husband for the reasons below†¦ She could of intentionally done it because of her attitude and actions prior to killing him. First off she was giving him crap about being a coward, and on top of that, I think she also slept with Wilson since unlike her husband he is not a coward. This was never actually stated but that’s how I inferred it.Also, moments before the gunshot, Macomber at one point looks back at her and waves, she, with the rifle besides her does not wave back. Even though love is a missing component in their relationship, she would of waved back if she was feeling in control of the situation but now that Macomber is fearless he has control. I think she feels bitter and needs to retaliate because of this, thus why she pulls the trigger and â€Å"accidently† shoots him. Wilson in the end also says, â€Å"He would of left you too,† so maybe she also did it, because she, like Wilson also knew that.

Nursing Research: Patients View

A national survey of GP and nurse attitudes and beliefs towards depression after myocardial infarction  Joanne Haws, Janet Ramjeet and Richard Gray 2011 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 3215–3223 Aim— to investigate attitudes to depression after myocardial iunfraction Background. Depression after myocardial infarction affects almost half of all patients and has a considerable negative effect on recovery.Despite the increased prevalence of depression in this population, it is often not recognised or treated. Results—Diagnosing depression was perceived as complex by both groups but significantly more so by nurses. We observed that training seems to have a significant effect on reported practice. Practitioners who reported that they had recent training in the management of depression were significantly more accurate in their estimate of how common depressionwas in this population.Depression may be underdiagnosed in this population be cause primary care practitioners, especially nurses, are not aware of how common the disorder is and lack competence in diagnosis. There is merit in developing and testing a brief training intervention to ensure competence in depression screening and treatment in post-myocardial infarction patients. Relevance to clinical practice. Diagnosing depression in post-myocardial infarction patients is perceived by nurses as complex but training in the management of depression is seen as helping practice.SupportLack of supportive recourses can have serious implications for patient care and treatment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..stated that nurses did not feel supported by management and the ward environment was not appropriate for psychiatric patients.A similar study by Happell et al (2009) discovered that nurses need the support of management and colleagues. Nurses in this study felt unsafe on the unit because of lack of facilities and institutional resources to address client needs and staff safety fa ctors. A study by Bjongarrd et al (2007) highlights an additional problem in meeting all patients’ needs and  demands by asserting many patients with severe mental illness can also be recourse-draining.Promoting mental health care in a rural paediatric unit  through participatory action research  Brenda Happell,1,2 Lorna Moxham,1,2 Kerry Reid-Searl,1–3 Trudy Dwyer,1,2 Julie Kahl,4 Jodie Morris2 and Narelle Wheatland 3  Aust. J. Rural Health (2009) 17, 155–16A study designed by Happell et al 2009, provides a different view with the aim of promoting mental health care in a rural paediatric unit. The study desgin involved a participatory action research approach proving 24 nurses with the opportunity to become actively involved. This study involved paediatric nurses however results yielded similar to studies on general nurses attitudes in relation to mental illness. This study indirectly implies that mental health is considered a specialist discipline area by many other nursing disciplines and indeed the general public.A lack of understanding of general nurses’ role in the management of young people admitted to the paediatric unit with an acute mental illness, meant participants’confidence in caring for such patients’ was affected: I just never feel like I’m doing the right thing when Ilook after them. [FG1] Participants felt as though they were constantly seeking support and all expressed a strong desire for professional education, training and workshops.Patients viewWorld health organisation 2013People with mental disorders around the world are exposed to a wide range of human rights violations. The stigma they face means they are often ostracized from society and fail to receive the care they require—or in management.People with mental disorders may also face discrimination on a daily basis including in the fields of education, employment and housing.Patients view Johan Ha °kon Bjà ¸rngaard Ã⠀  Torleif Ruud Æ Svein Friis The impact of mental illness on patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship.  A multilevel analysis Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (2007) 42:803–809 Background The relationship between patients and their clinicians is an essential factor in psychiatric treatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of psychopathology on patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship. Method involved collection of data from 969 patients.Patient’s satisfaction with therapeutic relationship was assessed with a six-item scale: sufficient time for contact/dialogue, clinicians’ ability to listen and understand, follow-up of planned interventions, respect for patients’ views/opinions, cooperation among clinicians, and patients’ influence on treatment. Mental illness was assessed using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Diagnoses were established using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems—10th revision (ICD-10). Treatment outcomes were clinically assessed retrospectively by rating changes from start of treatment on seven items. Multilevel regression analysis was used for a simultaneous analysis of the contribution of patient and team variables. ConclusionsPatients’ perceptions of the therapeutic relationship may be influenced by psychopathology. Teams comprising many patients with severe mental illness may constrain the therapeutic relationship. Hence, resources and organizational measures should be carefully considered in such care units.Because response rates in surveys of patient satisfaction with psychiatric services are usually low, results cannot be unequivocally claimed to be representative of all patients [12, 28]. Although it seems that patients with more severe mental illnessare less likely to participate in patient satisfaction surveys [12] , the possible consequences of low response rates are not fully understood. The following study attempts to overcome the previous limitations of research reported in the literature by analyzing the influence of psychopathology on patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship.Data was collected from 8 community mental health centres  which operate operate as local psychiatric hospitals, offering outpatient, day treatment, ambulatory care and limited inpatient services, such as short-term crisis intervention units and longer-term rehabilitation units. All patients receiving treatment during the census period were asked to complete a questionnaire. Clinician-rated information was collected on all patients and could be linked to the patient questionnaire if patients had given their consent to the linkage. Of the 3,040 patients, 1,194 (39%) returned the questionnaire.We were able to link 969 of the 1,194 to the clinical data, as some patients had not given consent to such link age. This study showed that patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship was related to clinical assessment of mental illness, both due to each patient’s psychopathology as well as to the composition of mental illness severity in each team.A study by Johan et al (2007) takes a different perspective by analysing the influence of psychopathology on patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship. Data was collected from 3,040 patients and only 1,194 (39%) returned the questionnaire. Patient’s satisfaction was assessed using a six-item scale and the patient’s level of mental illness was then assessed using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale.For instance, it is likely that the patients’ mood would be affected by the severity of their illness; hence, to some extent, experiences could be coloured by the mental illness itself. The results of this study indicate that patient’s d egree of mental illness has an effect on their satisfaction of the therapeutic relationship. These results were to be expected as patient’s moods are likely to be affected by the severity of their illness. The results of this study however are limited because of low response rates (only 39% of mental health patients responded) (Johan et al 2007). Low response rates have long been indicated as a common problem in mental health user surveys (Ruggeri 1996).